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(Book Review) 福岡正信, わら一本の革命 (Fukuoka Masanobu, The One-Straw Revolution)

Posted on Tue Jul 28 2026


*Note: I read this book in Japanese, but decided to write the review in English. As such, text quoted from the book is done so in Japanese. [0]

For English speakers who are interested in the book, a translation is available.




I was having lunch with a coworker, when he asked me what I've been up to lately.

I told him that I'd been reading some ecology books, and had become quite painfully aware of the rapid environmental degradation we've been facing, and the global economical system set in place that would only continue to exasperate it. The main form of recourse that I knew so far - based on A Small Farm Future by Chris Smaje - would be for people to become more self-sufficient. I wanted to learn to grow my own food, and consequently to learn the inner workings of nature.

He then showed me the famous picture of Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs. He asked me which needs were the most important for me to consider.

Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs

Obviously my interests were only pointing at the base level. He told me that while basic bodily needs like food and water are crucial, it is important to recognize that there are also many different layers that constitute a fulfilling life. Which I agreed with.

I don't think he was arguing against me and my interests; in fact he mentioned he was growing some simple herbs and plants on his balcony. He has family members who are active farmers. If anything he's probably more steeped in the culture than I am.

While we didn't get to touch on this further, my assumption is that his point was: While you can invest time in learning to grow food, is it a smart idea to put an incredible amount of emphasis on it?

On agriculture, an art we arguably figured out many millennia ago, the fulcrum of today's civilization?

Especially if, after all the effort, you're still only at the base of the pyramid?




Fukuoka Masanobu, who was born into a farming family, pursued an education and early career in agricultural sciences, and spent the rest of his life practicing self-sufficient life in the fields of Ehime, only has one true message in his book: that humans cannot understand Nature.

In fact, humans arguably can't "fully understand" anything at all. Because to understand "fully" would imply that humans can see the whole picture.

In Japanese, the word for "understand" is "分かる". The same Kanji, "分", is also used to denote "division" (分ける). Fukuoka calls our attention to this time and time again - the human limitation that the former necessitates the latter.

「誰でも、大地から目を空に移して、天を見たと思っている。ミカンの緑の葉の中から赤い果実を分別して、緑の葉を、赤の色を知ったという」
この世に相対するすべてのことを分別して、知ることによって、ものがわかったと思っているのであるが......。天文学者は、天文学的な天を知り、植物学者は、植物学的な葉と果実を知り、詩人は、美的緑と赤を知ったに過ぎない。自分の脳裡で解釈しうる範囲内の映像を把握したに過ぎない。本当の自然そのもの、大地や空、緑や赤を知ったのではない。人間は何一つ知り得ないまま、自然を知ることができる、自然を活用することもできると考えているのである。

Though surely the abundance of food I am accustomed to in city life can be attributed to some sort of "understanding", and optimisation based on it?

Fukuoka has two main arguments for this:

  1. We are merely "imitating" nature instead of understanding it; the unintended consequence being that we skew the nature around us to be less whole and perfect.

いわゆる現在の近代農法というのは、自然を生かして、自然のめぐみを収穫するというのではなくて、チッ素、リン酸、カリを合わせて米を合成する。野菜を合成する、果物を合成してるんではないか。私はこういうのを、加工業者だというんですよ。近代農法っていうのは、自然を生かして、それを利用したと言ってるけど、そうじゃなくて、それを踏み台にして、それのまねごとをしてるんじゃないですか。人工的な、自然のものに似た、偽物を作っているにしかすぎないんです。
だから、野菜でもですね、自然のものだと思ったら、味がちがう。これは、チッ素、リン酸、カリという合成品で、ただ、わずかに、その野菜の種を使って、それに吸収させて、そのチッ素、リン酸、カリが変形したものが、そのものの味になってるんです。ニワトリの卵だってね、鶏が産んだものじゃないんだ。これは、合成飼料と、農薬、ホルモン剤なんかを混ぜたものが、卵というのに形が変わっただけにしか過ぎないんです。

  1. What we think of as "understanding" nature is merely fostering biases from closed-system observations made via the scientific method.
    This traditional process of "keeping all variables constant except for one" works in labs, but not in nature.

一つの立場から見たものは、本物でないということを各自が知り合わないと、本当の、一つの話にはならない、と私は思います。
各専門分野の各方面の人が相寄って、一株の稲をみる。病中学者は病中の立場で見る。肥科学者は肥料の立場で見る。それも現状ではやむを得ない。やむをえないが、そういう人たちが集まって一つのものを見た場合、変わった、全体的な把握が出来るんではなかろうか、そういうことが、現在は欠けていると思うんです。
例えば、高知の試験場の人が、ウンカと天敵の関係を、うちの田圃に来て調べた時に、私は言ったわけです。
「先生、先生は蜘蛛の研究をしているから天敵の中でもクモだけをつかまえているのでしょうが、それでは、実はだめなんです。今年は、クモが大発生したけれど、先年は、ツチガエルが発生した。その前は、何がよく発生したかというとアマガエルだった。こういう差があるんですよ」と。

The consequence is that, in the name of "understanding", we partake in practices that are unintuitive; un-natural.

Fukuoka gave this example: in Japan we grow eggplants, tomatoes and cucumbers fit for the summer, all year long, by piping greenhouses with heat generated by fossil fuels - the transporation of the fuel itself expending much resources as well.

Scientists then saw that the produce created this way lacked in quality, taste and nutritional value. Research revealed that it was due to the lack of direct sunlight allowed through the greenhouse glass/plastic; the proposed solution was to develop a light beam which could emulate this sunlight.

Fukuoka simply says: isn't the core issue that we even need to make summer vegetables in the winter?

The answer from producers - not only for this particular case, but for seemingly all relevant ones - is simply that this is a market demand.

The market demands that we consistently have a predictable staple of foods to select from in our supermarkets; that they are vibrant and "lively" in color (even if it means applying wax and artificial coloring); that they are uniform in shape and size; and that we can enjoy out-of-season delicacies, even if it costs an arm and a leg to produce - because consumers would still gladly pay.

This decision to cater to the market is primarily determined by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture - making decisions on what to produce locally, and what to import, most likely solely based on cost efficiency.

The important point here, Fukuoka distinguishes, is that the Ministry has no clear opinion on what one ought to eat. What matters is that whatever the market demands is consistently available for the public at the lowest prices possible; and that the industries which serve to maintain this purpose - fertilizer, pesticide, large-scale farming equipment - all profit from doing so.




What, then, is Nature? And how can we get back to it?

Since Nature "cannot be understood", there is no direct way of defining or referring to it. Fukuoka however does have ideas to guide us in the proper direction.

An important distinction he makes is that Nature is not synonymous to laissez-faire.

終戦前に一度ミカン山へ入って、自然農法を標榜したときに、私は無剪定ということをやって、放任した。私ははじめ、「放任」ということと、「自然」ということを、ごっちゃにしていたんですね。ところが、枝は混乱する、病虫害にはやられるで、七十アールばかりのミカン山を無茶苦茶にしてしまった。私は、その時から、自然型とは何ぞや、ということが、常に問題として頭にあって、これだということを確認するまでに、永い間模索してきました。そして、やっと自然型とは、これだな、という確認を持てるようになった。

Nature very well could have been laissez-faire - if it weren't for humans obstructing Nature to begin with.

一般には、自然がいいぐらいのことは誰でも考えている。ただ、何が自然なのかがわかっていない。自然を不自然にする最初の出発点は何なのか、ということがはっきりつかめていないんです。
例えば、木のような場合だと、あの出たばかりの新芽を、ほんの一センチでも、人間がハサミで摘むと、もうその木は、絶対にとりかえしのつかない、不自然なものになってしまう。
...
そうして狂わしておいて、そのまま放任しておけば、初めの自然の秩序というものが狂ったまま、バランスの崩れたまま成長するということですから、枝と枝が衝突する。

Humans then over-correct their corrections.
And then over-over-correct their over-corrections.
Humans create their own problems, and set to solve them, only for more problems to arise from it. [1]

This initial error, and all the ones that ensued, were caused by human hubris: that we understood Nature enough to wield it in our own hands.

This leads to Fukuoka concluding, in an inherently ironic note, that the very admittance of our ignorance of Nature is what brings us closer to Nature.

...誰でも緑の山の木を見ている。ミカンの葉っぱを見ている。稲を見ている。緑というものを知っているように思っている。朝に晩に、いつも自然というものに接して、その中に住んでいるように思っている。ところが、人間は自然を知っているのではないんだ。そして、この”自然を知っているのではない”ということを知ることが、自然に接近する第一歩である、自然を知っていると思った時には、自然から遠ざかったものになってしまう、と。

One should learn how humans have intervened with Nature up to this point, only so that we can reverse exactly what we have done - to let Nature flourish from its roots. [2]




The words look pretty on paper, but from today's perspective, it's hard to fully buy into the message.
Isn't the whole reason why humans drifted apart from Nature because it could not be fully trusted, and thus we required a more certain, "controlled" solution?

There is a logical argument which could take place regarding this point. [3]
In The One-Straw Revolution, however, Fukuoka's firmest argument is rather a philosophical and spiritual one.

Fukuoka repeats that, in order to return to the way of "living with Nature", one must ponder what it means to "eat Naturally".
He argues that what humans "eat", or need as form of sustainance, is more than just food and nutrition. It is trust that the Earth can sustain us - that we are loved and nurtured by the order which caused us.

キリストが、人間はパンのみによって生きるにあらず、と、こう言ったということはですね、肉体的な動物じゃなくて、精神的な動物だというような単純なことを言ってるんではないと私は思うんです。あの言葉っていうのは、もっと、大きい、深い意味がある。人間は食品なんかによって生きてるんじゃない、一口で言えば、食品なんて考え方は、人間はすててしまってもかまわないんです。何が食品なんてことは、結局、わからないなら、わからないでもいいんですよ。とにかく地上に生まれ、生きているという現実を直視せよ、という言葉だと私は解釈しています。

現在、人間がこの地球上に生まれているということは、生まれる動機と、条件と、因縁があって、生まれたにすぎないんです。何を食って生きているんだとか、何を食わなければ生きられないなんぞと思うことが、一つの、人間の思い上がりなんだ。自然にまかせておいて、死ぬはずはなかったんです。自然の力にすがってさえおれば、自然に随った生活さえしておれば、人間は生きられるようになっているんだという確信を作ることが先決であるし、それが最初の人間の生きる原点になるわけです。
それを忘れてしまってですね、人間は、でんぷんと、脂肪と、たんぱく質によって生きているんだ。植物は、チッ素とリン酸とカリを施して、水をそこに与えりゃ、太って成長するんだと、こういうふうな単純な科学的な知識が土台になって、人間が生き、植物が生きているということを考えるっていうことが、とんでもない一つのまちがいをおかしているんです。

In this sense, to live closer to Nature is to live closer to God.

昔は士農工商といって、農業というのは、商業や工業よりも原点に近いというか、神に近い立場にあって、神の側近なんていわれていた。だから、働かなくても、じっとしておっても、何とか食っていけたんです。

哲学を学んで、食を解釈するより、食生活の中から哲理を知る、仏になることが目的である。

...日本の四季の食物を身近かな所からわずかにとり、その美味、滋味、妙味をかみしめながら、つつましく生きてゆく食生活の中に、天の配剤を見ることができる。




Somewhere along the way, we became unable to consider our basic needs as gifts from an entity greater than us.

We analyzed what it is that constitutes a fulfilling life, and were able to form a clear equation - in one case in the form of a Pyramid.

Perhaps this tidy tool does work for you.
You go out to eat lunch, get let through to your seat at the counter, a row of people sitting shoulder-to-shoulder, their heads bowed towards the kitchen, staring intently into their bowls.
You give thanks before you eat, because it is what people do - it is verbal, and therefore meant for someone. You direct it towards the people who have prepared the food - perhaps indirectly it is also for the people who grew the crops, those who transported it from afar. Today you are fed by humans. Now you are ready to live.

You finish your lunch, continuing your walk along the concrete, where weeds of life are gently conspicuous, between sporadic cracks of man's error.




  1. (A footnote for the intro Note, wild...)
    I could have found the matching quotes in the English translation and pasted them here, but a. I unfortunately do not own a copy of the English translation, and b. I don't think I would have the time to do so even if I did. Apologies for English readers, but please consider buying the book if you would like to hear the author's own words (or at least something very close to it).

  2. Fukuoka says it is much akin to a scientist who studies voraciously, and finally invents glasses, in order to cure the near-sightedness he developed from all the studying.

  3. Fukuoka is famous for creating 自然農法 (aka Natural Farming, or the 'do-nothing method'), a method which avoids fertilizers, pesticides, and tillage of the soil. It was proved to be as effective, if not more, than modern agriculture. However the method itself had not gained wide-spread acceptance within the field, for reasons which he explains in detail in the book - mostly pertaining to the skewed incentive structure for relevant authorities to focus on profit (sales for fertilizer/pesticides/farming equipment) rather than ecology or efficiency.

  4. For a more objective take on how something similar to Fukuoka's vision ("every man a farmer") could not only be possible, but also a probable outcome given the dire ecological situation we face today, I encourage you to read "A Small Farm Future".